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<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>84637</law_id><section_number>19.2-3.1</section_number><catch_line>Personal appearance by two-way electronic video and audio communication; standards</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2025/" slug="2025" current="TRUE" last_updated="">2025</edition><referred_to_by><reference>16.1-255</reference><reference>16.1-260</reference><reference>16.1-276.3</reference><reference>16.1-345.1</reference><reference>16.1-93.1</reference><reference>17.1-513.2</reference><reference>19.2-182.5</reference><reference>19.2-187</reference><reference>19.2-187.1</reference><reference>19.2-188.4</reference><reference>19.2-82</reference><reference>37.2-1109</reference><reference>37.2-804.1</reference><reference>47.1-2</reference></referred_to_by><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="1" identifier="19.2">Criminal Procedure</unit><unit label="chapter" level="2" order_by="1" identifier="1">General Provisions</unit></structure><text>
						<section id="A"><p><span class="prefix-number">A.</span> Where an <span class="dictionary">appearance</span> is required or permitted before a <span class="dictionary">magistrate</span>, intake officer, or, prior to <span class="dictionary">trial</span>, <span class="dictionary">judge</span>, the <span class="dictionary">appearance</span> may be by (i) personal <span class="dictionary">appearance</span> before the <span class="dictionary">magistrate</span>, intake officer, or <span class="dictionary">judge</span> or (ii) use of two-way electronic video and audio communication. With the consent of the <span class="dictionary">court</span> and all parties, an <span class="dictionary">appearance</span> in a <span class="dictionary">court</span> may be made by two-way electronic video and audio communication for the purpose of (a) entry of a <span class="dictionary">plea</span> of guilty or <span class="dictionary">nolo contendere</span> and the related sentencing of the <span class="dictionary">defendant</span> charged with a <span class="dictionary">misdemeanor</span> or <span class="dictionary">felony</span>, (b) entry of a <span class="dictionary">nolle prosequi</span> or <span class="dictionary">dismissal</span>, (c) a <span class="dictionary">revocation</span> proceeding pursuant to &#xA7; <a class="law" title="Revocation of suspension of sentence and probation" href="/19.2-306/">19.2-306</a>, or (d) <span class="dictionary">waiver</span> of a <span class="dictionary">preliminary hearing</span>.
			If two-way electronic video and audio communication is used, a <span class="dictionary">magistrate</span>, intake officer, or <span class="dictionary">judge</span> may exercise all powers conferred by <span class="dictionary">law</span> and all communications and proceedings shall be conducted in the same manner as if the <span class="dictionary">appearance</span> were in person. If two-way electronic video and audio communication is available for use by a district <span class="dictionary">court</span> for the conduct of a hearing to determine <span class="dictionary">bail</span> or to determine representation by <span class="dictionary">counsel</span>, the <span class="dictionary">court</span> shall use such communication in any such proceeding that would otherwise require the transportation of a person from outside the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> of the <span class="dictionary">court</span> in <span class="dictionary">order</span> to appear in person before the <span class="dictionary">court</span>. Any documents transmitted between the <span class="dictionary">magistrate</span>, intake officer, or <span class="dictionary">judge</span> and the person appearing before the <span class="dictionary">magistrate</span>, intake officer, or <span class="dictionary">judge</span> may be transmitted by electronically transmitted facsimile process or other electronic method. The facsimile or other electronically generated document may be served or executed by the officer or person to whom sent, and returned in the same manner, and with the same force, effect, authority, and liability as an original document. All signatures thereon shall be treated as original signatures. <a id="paragraph-303377" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#A"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="B"><p><span class="prefix-number">B.</span> Any two-way electronic video and audio communication system used for an <span class="dictionary">appearance</span> shall meet the following standards: <a id="paragraph-303378" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#B"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="B1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> The persons communicating must simultaneously see and speak to one another; <a id="paragraph-303379" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#B1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="B2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> The signal transmission must be live, real time; <a id="paragraph-303380" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#B2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="B3" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">3.</span> The signal transmission must be secure from interception through lawful means by anyone other than the persons communicating; and <a id="paragraph-303381" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#B3"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="B4" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">4.</span> Any other specifications as may be promulgated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme <span class="dictionary">Court</span>. <a id="paragraph-303382" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#B4"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="C"><p><span class="prefix-number">C.</span> Nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring a locality to purchase a two-way electronic video and audio communication system. Any decision to purchase such a system is at the discretion of the locality. <a id="paragraph-303383" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/19.2-3.1/#C"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section></text><history>1991, c. 41; 1996, cc. 755, 914; 2006, c. 285; 2009, cc. 94, 623; 2010, c. 800; 2017, c. 669; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 86; 2023, c. 468.</history><metadata></metadata></law>
