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<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>70284</law_id><section_number>8.12-104</section_number><catch_line>Rights in controllable account, controllable electronic record, and controllable payment intangible.</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2025/" slug="2025" current="TRUE" last_updated="">2025</edition><referred_to_by><reference>8.12-107</reference></referred_to_by><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="1" identifier="8.12">Controllable Electronic Records</unit></structure><text>
						<section id="a"><p><span class="prefix-number">a.</span> Applicability of section to controllable account and controllable payment intangible. This section applies to the acquisition and purchase of rights in a controllable account or controllable payment intangible, including the rights and benefits under subsections (c), (d), (e), (g), and (h) of a purchaser and qualifying purchaser, in the same manner this section applies to a controllable electronic record. <a id="paragraph-253766" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#a"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b"><p><span class="prefix-number">b.</span> Control of controllable account and controllable payment intangible. To determine whether a purchaser of a controllable account or a controllable payment intangible is a qualifying purchaser, the purchaser obtains control of the account or payment intangible if it obtains control of the controllable electronic record that <span class="dictionary">evidences</span> the account or payment intangible. <a id="paragraph-253767" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#b"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="c"><p><span class="prefix-number">c.</span> Applicability of other <span class="dictionary">law</span> to acquisition of rights. Except as provided in this section, <span class="dictionary">law</span> other than this article determines whether a person acquires a right in a controllable electronic record and the right the person acquires. <a id="paragraph-253768" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#c"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="d"><p><span class="prefix-number">d.</span> Shelter principle and purchase of limited interest. A purchaser of a controllable electronic record acquires all rights in the controllable electronic record that the transferor had or had power to transfer, except that a purchaser of a limited interest in a controllable electronic record acquires rights only to the extent of the interest purchased. <a id="paragraph-253769" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#d"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e"><p><span class="prefix-number">e.</span> Rights of qualifying purchaser. A qualifying purchaser acquires its rights in the controllable electronic record free of a claim of a property right in the controllable electronic record. <a id="paragraph-253770" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#e"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="f"><p><span class="prefix-number">f.</span> Limitation of rights of qualifying purchaser in other property. Except as provided in subsections (a) and (e) for a controllable account and a controllable payment intangible or <span class="dictionary">law</span> other than this article, a qualifying purchaser takes a right to payment, right to performance, or other interest in property evidenced by the controllable electronic record subject to a claim of a property right in the right to payment, right to performance, or other interest in property. <a id="paragraph-253771" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#f"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="g"><p><span class="prefix-number">g.</span> No-action protection for qualifying purchaser. An action may not be asserted against a qualifying purchaser based on both a purchase by the qualifying purchaser of a controllable electronic record and a claim of a property right in another controllable electronic record, whether the action is framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, <span class="dictionary">equitable</span> <span class="dictionary">lien</span>, or other theory. <a id="paragraph-253772" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#g"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="h"><p><span class="prefix-number">h.</span> Filing not notice. Filing of a financing statement under Article 9 is not notice of a claim of a property right in a controllable electronic record. <a id="paragraph-253773" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.12-104/#h"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section></text><history>2024, c. 652.</history><metadata><court_decisions></court_decisions></metadata></law>
