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<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>86946</law_id><section_number>8.8A-105</section_number><catch_line>Notice of adverse claim</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2025/" slug="2025" current="TRUE" last_updated="">2025</edition><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="1" identifier="8.8A">Commercial Code &#x2014; Investment Securities</unit><unit label="part" level="2" order_by="1" identifier="1">Short Title and General Matters</unit></structure><text>
						<section id="a"><p><span class="prefix-number">a.</span> A person has notice of an adverse claim if: <a id="paragraph-311291" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#a"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> the person knows of the adverse claim; <a id="paragraph-311292" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#a1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> the person is aware of <span class="dictionary">facts</span> sufficient to indicate that there is a significant probability that the adverse claim exists and deliberately avoids information that would establish the existence of the adverse claim; or <a id="paragraph-311293" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#a2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a3" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">3.</span> the person has a duty, imposed by <span class="dictionary">statute</span> or regulation, to investigate whether an adverse claim exists, and the investigation so required would establish the existence of the adverse claim. <a id="paragraph-311294" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#a3"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b"><p><span class="prefix-number">b.</span> Having knowledge that a financial asset or interest therein is or has been transferred by a representative imposes no duty of inquiry into the rightfulness of a transaction and is not notice of an adverse claim. However, a person who knows that a representative has transferred a financial asset or interest therein in a transaction that is, or whose proceeds are being used, for the individual benefit of the representative or otherwise in breach of duty has notice of an adverse claim. <a id="paragraph-311295" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#b"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="c"><p><span class="prefix-number">c.</span> An act or event that creates a right to immediate performance of the principal obligation represented by a security certificate or sets a date on or after which the certificate is to be presented or surrendered for <span class="dictionary">redemption</span> or exchange does not itself constitute notice of an adverse claim except in the case of a transfer more than: <a id="paragraph-311296" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#c"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="c1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> one year after a date set for <span class="dictionary">presentment</span> or surrender for <span class="dictionary">redemption</span> or exchange; or <a id="paragraph-311297" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#c1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="c2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> six months after a date set for payment of money against presentation or surrender of the certificate, if money was available for payment on that date. <a id="paragraph-311298" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#c2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="d"><p><span class="prefix-number">d.</span> A purchaser of a certificated security has notice of an adverse claim if the security certificate: <a id="paragraph-311299" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#d"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="d1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> whether in bearer or registered form, has been endorsed &#x201C;for collection&#x201D; or &#x201C;for surrender&#x201D; or for some other purpose not involving transfer; or <a id="paragraph-311300" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#d1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="d2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> is in bearer form and has on it an unambiguous statement that it is the property of a person other than the transferor, but the mere writing of a name on the certificate is not such a statement. <a id="paragraph-311301" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#d2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e"><p><span class="prefix-number">e.</span> Filing of a financing statement under Title 8.9A is not notice of an adverse claim to a financial asset. <a id="paragraph-311302" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-105/#e"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section></text><history>1996, c. 216.</history><metadata></metadata></law>
