<?xml version="1.0"?>
<law><site_title>Virginia Decoded</site_title><site_url>https://vacode.org</site_url><law_id>85684</law_id><section_number>8.8A-110</section_number><catch_line>Applicability; choice of law</catch_line><edition url="https://vacode.org/2025/" slug="2025" current="TRUE" last_updated="">2025</edition><referred_to_by><reference>8.1A-301</reference><reference>8.9A-305</reference></referred_to_by><structure><unit label="title" level="1" order_by="1" identifier="8.8A">Commercial Code &#x2014; Investment Securities</unit><unit label="part" level="2" order_by="1" identifier="1">Short Title and General Matters</unit></structure><text>
						<section id="a"><p><span class="prefix-number">a.</span> The local <span class="dictionary">law</span> of the issuer&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>, as specified in subsection (d), governs: <a id="paragraph-306881" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#a"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> the validity of a security; <a id="paragraph-306882" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#a1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> the rights and duties of the issuer with respect to registration of transfer; <a id="paragraph-306883" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#a2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a3" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">3.</span> the effectiveness of registration of transfer by the issuer; <a id="paragraph-306884" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#a3"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a4" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">4.</span> whether the issuer owes any duties to an adverse claimant to a security; and <a id="paragraph-306885" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#a4"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="a5" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">5.</span> whether an adverse claim can be asserted against a person to whom transfer of a certificated or uncertificated security is registered or a person who obtains control of an uncertificated security. <a id="paragraph-306886" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#a5"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b"><p><span class="prefix-number">b.</span> The local <span class="dictionary">law</span> of the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>, as specified in subsection (e), governs: <a id="paragraph-306887" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#b"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> acquisition of a security entitlement from the securities intermediary; <a id="paragraph-306888" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#b1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> the rights and duties of the securities intermediary and entitlement holder arising out of a security entitlement; <a id="paragraph-306889" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#b2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b3" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">3.</span> whether the securities intermediary owes any duties to an adverse claimant to a security entitlement; and <a id="paragraph-306890" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#b3"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="b4" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">4.</span> whether an adverse claim can be asserted against a person who acquires a security entitlement from the securities intermediary or a person who purchases a security entitlement or interest therein from an entitlement holder. <a id="paragraph-306891" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#b4"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="c"><p><span class="prefix-number">c.</span> The local <span class="dictionary">law</span> of the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> in which a security certificate is located at the time of delivery governs whether an adverse claim can be asserted against a person to whom the security certificate is delivered. <a id="paragraph-306892" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#c"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="d"><p><span class="prefix-number">d.</span> &#x201C;Issuer&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>&#x201D; means the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> under which the issuer of the security is organized or, if permitted by the <span class="dictionary">law</span> of that <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>, the <span class="dictionary">law</span> of another <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> specified by the issuer. An issuer organized under the <span class="dictionary">law</span> of this state may specify the <span class="dictionary">law</span> of another <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> as the <span class="dictionary">law</span> governing the matters specified in subsection (a) (2) through (5). <a id="paragraph-306893" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#d"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e"><p><span class="prefix-number">e.</span> The following rules determine a &#x201C;securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>&#x201D; for purposes of this section: <a id="paragraph-306894" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#e"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e1" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">1.</span> If an agreement between the securities intermediary and its entitlement holder governing the securities account expressly provides that a particular <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> for purposes of this part, this title or the Uniform Commercial Code, that <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>. <a id="paragraph-306895" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#e1"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e2" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">2.</span> If paragraph (1) does not apply and an agreement between the securities intermediary and its entitlement holder governing the securities account expressly provides that the agreement is governed by the <span class="dictionary">law</span> of a particular <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>, that <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>. <a id="paragraph-306896" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#e2"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e3" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">3.</span> If neither paragraph (1) nor paragraph (2) applies and an agreement between the securities intermediary and its entitlement holder governing the securities account expressly provides that the securities account is maintained at an office in a particular <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>, that <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>. <a id="paragraph-306897" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#e3"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e4" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">4.</span> If none of the preceding paragraphs applies, the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> in which the office identified in an account statement as the office serving the entitlement holder&#x2019;s account is located. <a id="paragraph-306898" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#e4"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="e5" class="indent-1"><p><span class="prefix-number">5.</span> If none of the preceding paragraphs applies the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> in which the chief executive office of the securities intermediary is located. <a id="paragraph-306899" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#e5"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="f"><p><span class="prefix-number">f.</span> A securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> is not determined by the physical location of certificates representing financial <span class="dictionary">assets</span>, or by the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> in which is organized the issuer of the financial asset with respect to which an entitlement holder has a security entitlement, or by the location of facilities for data processing or other record keeping concerning the account. <a id="paragraph-306900" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#f"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section>
						<section id="g"><p><span class="prefix-number">g.</span> The local <span class="dictionary">law</span> of the issuer&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> or the securities intermediary&#x2019;s <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span> governs a matter or transaction specified in subsection (a) or (b) even if the matter or transaction does not bear any relation to the <span class="dictionary">jurisdiction</span>. <a id="paragraph-306901" class="section-permalink" href="https://vacode.org/8.8A-110/#g"><i class="fa fa-link"/></a></p></section></text><history>1996, c. 216; 2000, c. 1007; 2024, c. 652.</history><metadata></metadata></law>
