                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA

NOTICES AND OTHER COMMUNICATIONS (§ 13.1-610)

A. For purposes of this chapter, except for notice to or from the Commission:

   1. A notice shall be in writing except that oral notice of any meeting of the
   board of directors may be given if expressly authorized by the articles of
   incorporation or bylaws.

   2. Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, words in a
   notice or other communication under this chapter shall be in the English
   language. A notice or other communication may be given by any method of
   delivery, except that electronic transmissions shall be in accordance with
   this section. If the methods of delivery are impracticable, a notice or other
   communication may be given by a broad non-exclusionary dissemination to the
   public, which may include a newspaper of general circulation in the area where
   the notice is intended to be given, or by radio, television, or other form of
   public communication in the area where the notice is intended to be given or
   other methods of distribution that the corporation has previously identified
   to its shareholders.

   3. A notice or other communication to a domestic or foreign corporation
   authorized to transact business in the Commonwealth may be delivered to the
   corporation&#8217;s registered agent at its registered office or to the
   secretary at the corporation&#8217;s principal office shown in its most recent
   annual report or, in the case of a foreign corporation that has not yet
   delivered an annual report, in its application for a certificate of authority.

   4. A notice or other communication may be delivered by electronic transmission
   if consented to by the recipient or if otherwise authorized by subsection B.

   5. Any consent under subdivision 4 may be revoked by the person who consented
   by written or electronic notice to the person to whom the consent was
   delivered. Any such consent is deemed revoked if (i) the corporation is unable
   to deliver two consecutive electronic transmissions given by the corporation
   in accordance with such consent and (ii) such inability becomes known to the
   secretary or an assistant secretary of the corporation or to the transfer
   agent or other person responsible for the giving of notice or other
   communications; however, the inadvertent failure to treat such inability as a
   revocation shall not invalidate any meeting or other action.

   6. Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic
   transmission is received when:
   				a. It enters an information processing system that the recipient has
   designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic transmissions or
   information of the type sent, and from which the recipient is able to retrieve
   the electronic transmission; and
   				b. It is in a form capable of being processed by that system.

   7. Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing
   system described in subdivision 6 a establishes that an electronic
   transmission was received. However, such receipt of an electronic
   acknowledgment, by itself, does not establish that the content sent
   corresponds to the content received.

   8. An electronic transmission is received under this section even if no
   individual is aware of its receipt.

   9. A notice or other communication, if in a comprehensible form or manner, is
   effective at the earliest of the following:
   				a. If in physical form, the earliest of when it is actually received or
   when it is left at:

      1. A shareholder&#8217;s address shown on the corporation&#8217;s record of
      shareholders maintained by the corporation pursuant to subsection C of
      &#xA7; 13.1-770;

      2. A director&#8217;s residence or usual place of business;

      3. The corporation&#8217;s principal office; or

      4. The corporation&#8217;s registered office when left with the
      corporation&#8217;s registered agent;
      					b. If mailed postage prepaid and correctly addressed to a shareholder,
      upon deposit in the United States mail;
      					c. If mailed by United States mail postage prepaid and correctly
      addressed to a recipient other than a shareholder, the earliest of when it
      is actually received or: (i) if sent by registered or certified mail return
      receipt requested, the date shown on the return receipt, signed by or on
      behalf of the addressee; or (ii) five days after it is deposited in the
      United States mail;
      					d. If an electronic transmission, when it is received as provided in
      subdivision 7; and
      					e. If oral, when communicated.

   10. A notice or other communication may be in the form of an electronic
   transmission that cannot be directly reproduced in paper form by the recipient
   through an automated process used in conventional commercial practice only if
   (i) the electronic transmission is otherwise retrievable in perceivable form,
   and (ii) the sender and the recipient have consented in writing to the use of
   such form of electronic transmission.

B. If this chapter prescribes requirements for notices or other communications
in particular circumstances, those requirements govern. If articles of
incorporation or bylaws prescribe requirements for notices or other
communications not inconsistent with this section or other provisions of this
chapter, those requirements govern. The articles of incorporation or bylaws may
authorize or require delivery of notices of meetings of directors by electronic
transmission.

C. Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given
effectively to shareholders, any notice to shareholders given by a public
corporation, under any provision of this chapter, the articles of incorporation,
or the bylaws, shall be effective if given in a manner permitted by the rules
and regulations under the federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934, provided that
the corporation has first received any affirmative written consent or implied
consent required under those rules and regulations.

D. If any provisions of this chapter are deemed to modify, limit, or supersede
the federal General Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act,
15 U.S.C. &#xA7; 7001 et seq., the provisions of this chapter shall control to
the maximum extent permitted by &#xA7; 102(a)(2) of that federal act or any
successor provision of that federal act.

E. Whenever notice would otherwise be required to be given under any provision
of this chapter to a shareholder, the notice need not be given if:

   1. Notices to shareholders of two consecutive annual meetings, and all notices
   of meetings during the period between two consecutive annual meetings, have
   been sent, other than by electronic transmission, to such shareholder at such
   shareholder&#8217;s address as shown on the records of the corporation and
   have been returned undeliverable or could not be delivered; or

   2. All, but not less than two, distributions to shareholders during a 12-month
   period, or two consecutive distributions to shareholders during a period of
   more than 12 months, have been sent to such shareholder at such
   shareholder&#8217;s address as shown on the records of the corporation and
   have been returned undeliverable or could not be delivered.
   				If any shareholder, for which notice is not required, delivers to the
   corporation a written notice setting forth such shareholder&#8217;s
   then-current address, the requirement that notice be given shall be
   reinstated.

HISTORY: 1985, c. 522; 2002, c. 285; 2003, c. 728; 2005, c. 765; 2007, c. 165;
2010, c. 782; 2019, c. 734; 2020, c. 1226; 2021, Sp. Sess. I, c. 487.