                                 CODE OF VIRGINIA

DEFINITIONS (§ 13.1-603)

As used in this chapter:
		&#8220;Articles of incorporation&#8221; means all documents constituting, at
any particular time, the charter of a corporation. It includes the original
charter issued by the General Assembly, a court or the Commission and all
amendments including certificates of consolidation, serial designation,
reduction, correction, and merger. It excludes articles of share exchange filed
by an acquiring corporation. When the articles of incorporation have been
restated pursuant to any articles of restatement, amendment, domestication, or
merger, it includes only the restated articles of incorporation, including any
articles of serial designation, without the accompanying articles of
restatement, amendment, domestication, or merger. When used with respect to a
foreign corporation, the &#8220;articles of incorporation&#8221; of such entity
means the document that is equivalent to the articles of incorporation of a
domestic corporation.
		&#8220;Authorized shares&#8221; means the shares of all classes a domestic or
foreign corporation is authorized to issue.
		&#8220;Beneficial shareholder&#8221; means a person that owns the beneficial
interest in shares, which may be a record shareholder or a person on whose
behalf shares are registered in the name of an intermediary as nominee.
		&#8220;Certificate,&#8221; when relating to articles filed with the
Commission, means the order of the Commission that makes the articles effective,
together with the articles.
		&#8220;Commission&#8221; means the State Corporation Commission of Virginia.
		&#8220;Conspicuous&#8221; means so written, displayed, or presented that a
reasonable person against whom the writing is to operate should have noticed it.
For example, text that is italicized, is in boldface, contrasting colors, or
capitals, or is underlined, is conspicuous.
		&#8220;Corporation&#8221; or &#8220;domestic corporation&#8221; means a
corporation authorized by law to issue shares, irrespective of the nature of the
business to be transacted, organized under this chapter or existing pursuant to
the laws of the Commonwealth on January 1, 1986, or which, by virtue of articles
of incorporation, amendment, or merger, has become a domestic corporation of the
Commonwealth, even though also being a corporation organized under laws other
than the laws of the Commonwealth, or that has become a domestic corporation of
the Commonwealth pursuant to Article 12.1 (§ 13.1-722.1:1 et seq.) or Article
12.2 (§ 13.1-722.8 et seq.) of this chapter or Article 15 (§ 13.1-1081 et
seq.) of Chapter 12.
		&#8220;Deliver&#8221; or &#8220;delivery&#8221; means any method of delivery
used in conventional commercial practice, including delivery by hand, mail,
commercial delivery, and, if authorized in accordance with § 13.1-610,
electronic transmission.
		&#8220;Derivative proceeding&#8221; means a civil suit in the right of a
domestic corporation or, to the extent provided in Article 8.1 (§ 13.1-672.1 et
seq.), a foreign corporation.
		&#8220;Disinterested director&#8221; means, except with respect to Article 14
(§ 13.1-725 et seq.), a director who, at the time action is to be taken under
subdivision B 5 of § 13.1-619, § 13.1-672.4, 13.1-691, 13.1-699, or 13.1-701,
does not have (i) a financial interest in a matter that is the subject of such
action or (ii) a familial, financial, professional, employment, or other
relationship with a person who has a financial interest in the matter, either of
which would reasonably be expected to impair the objectivity of the
director&#8217;s judgment when participating in the action, and if the action is
to be taken under § 13.1-699 or 13.1-701, is also not a party to the
proceeding. The presence of one or more of the following circumstances shall not
by itself prevent a person from being a disinterested director: (i) nomination
or election of the director to the board by any director who is not a
disinterested director with respect to the matter or by any person that has a
material relationship with that director, acting alone or participating with
others; (ii) service as a director of another corporation of which a director
who is not a disinterested director with respect to the matter, or any person
that has a material relationship with that director, is or was also a director;
or (iii) at the time action is to be taken under § 13.1-672.4, status as a
named defendant, as a director against whom action is demanded, or as a director
who approved the act being challenged.
		&#8220;Distribution&#8221; means a direct or indirect transfer of cash or
other property, except the corporation&#8217;s own shares, or incurrence of
indebtedness by a corporation to or for the benefit of its shareholders in
respect of any of its shares. A distribution may be in the form of a payment of
a dividend; a purchase, redemption, or other acquisition of shares; a
distribution of indebtedness of the corporation; a distribution in liquidation;
or otherwise. Distribution does not include an acquisition by a corporation of
its shares from the estate or personal representative of a deceased shareholder,
or any other shareholder, but only to the extent the acquisition is effected
using the proceeds of insurance on the life of such deceased shareholder and the
board of directors approved the policy and the terms of the redemption prior to
the shareholder&#8217;s death.
		&#8220;Document&#8221; means (i) any tangible medium on which information is
inscribed, and includes handwritten, typed, printed, or similar instruments and
copies of such instruments, or (ii) an electronic record.
		&#8220;Domestic&#8221; with respect to an entity, means an entity governed as
to its internal affairs by the organic law of the Commonwealth.
		&#8220;Domestic business trust&#8221; has the same meaning as specified in §
13.1-1201.
		&#8220;Domestic limited liability company&#8221; has the same meaning as
specified in § 13.1-1002.
		&#8220;Domestic limited partnership&#8221; has the same meaning as specified
in § 50-73.1.
		&#8220;Domestic nonstock corporation&#8221; has the same meaning as
&#8220;domestic corporation&#8221; as specified in § 13.1-803.
		&#8220;Domestic partnership&#8221; means an association of two or more persons
to carry on as co-owners a business for profit formed under § 50-73.88, or
predecessor law of the Commonwealth, and includes, for all purposes of the laws
of the Commonwealth, a registered limited liability partnership.
		&#8220;Effective date,&#8221; when referring to a document for which
effectiveness is contingent upon issuance of a certificate by the Commission,
means the time and date determined in accordance with § 13.1-606.
		&#8220;Effective date of notice&#8221; is defined in subdivision A 9 of §
13.1-610.
		&#8220;Electronic&#8221; means relating to technology having electrical,
digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.
		&#8220;Electronic record&#8221; means information that is stored in an
electronic or other nontangible medium and is retrievable in paper form through
an automated process used in conventional commercial practice, unless otherwise
authorized in accordance with subdivision A 10 of § 13.1-610.
		&#8220;Electronic transmission&#8221; or &#8220;electronically
transmitted&#8221; means any form or process of communication, not directly
involving the physical transfer of paper or another tangible medium, that (i) is
suitable for the retention, retrieval, and reproduction of information by the
recipient, and (ii) is retrievable in paper form by the recipient through an
automated process used in conventional commercial practice, unless otherwise
authorized in accordance with subdivision A 10 of § 13.1-610.
		&#8220;Eligible entity&#8221; means a domestic or foreign unincorporated
entity or a domestic or foreign nonstock corporation.
		&#8220;Eligible interests&#8221; means interests or memberships.
		&#8220;Employee&#8221; includes, unless otherwise provided in the bylaws, an
officer but not a director. A director may accept duties that make the director
also an employee.
		&#8220;Entity&#8221; includes any domestic or foreign corporation; any
domestic or foreign nonstock corporation; any domestic or foreign unincorporated
entity; any estate or trust; and any state, the United States and any foreign
government.
		&#8220;Expenses&#8221; means reasonable expenses of any kind that are incurred
in connection with a matter.
		&#8220;Filing entity&#8221; means an unincorporated entity other than a
general partnership.
		&#8220;Foreign,&#8221; with respect to an entity, means an entity governed as
to its internal affairs by the organic law of a jurisdiction other than the
Commonwealth.
		&#8220;Foreign business trust&#8221; has the same meaning as specified in §
13.1-1201.
		&#8220;Foreign corporation&#8221; means a corporation authorized by law to
issue shares, organized under laws other than the laws of the Commonwealth.
		&#8220;Foreign limited liability company&#8221; has the same meaning as
specified in § 13.1-1002.
		&#8220;Foreign limited partnership&#8221; has the same meaning as specified in
§ 50-73.1.
		&#8220;Foreign nonstock corporation&#8221; means a corporation that is
incorporated under a law other than the law of the Commonwealth and would, based
on its public organic record, be a nonstock corporation if incorporated under
the law of the Commonwealth.
		&#8220;Foreign partnership&#8221; means an association of two or more persons
to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit formed under the laws of any
state or jurisdiction other than the Commonwealth, and includes, for all
purposes of the laws of the Commonwealth, a foreign registered limited liability
partnership.
		&#8220;Foreign registered limited liability partnership&#8221; has the same
meaning as specified in § 50-73.79.
		&#8220;Foreign unincorporated entity&#8221; means a foreign partnership,
foreign limited liability company, foreign limited partnership, or foreign
business trust.
		&#8220;Government subdivision&#8221; includes authority, county, district, and
municipality.
		&#8220;Governor&#8221; means any person under whose authority the powers of an
entity are exercised and under whose direction the activities and affairs of the
entity are managed pursuant to the organic law governing the entity and its
organic rules.
		&#8220;Includes&#8221; and &#8220;including&#8221; denote a partial definition
as a nonexclusive list.
		&#8220;Individual&#8221; means a natural person.
		&#8220;Interest&#8221; means either or both of the following rights under the
organic law governing an unincorporated entity:

1. The right to receive distributions from the entity either in the ordinary
course or upon liquidation; or

2. The right to receive notice or to vote on issues involving its internal
affairs, other than as an agent, assignee, proxy or person responsible for
managing its business and affairs.
			&#8220;Interest holder&#8221; means a person who holds of record an interest.
			&#8220;Interest holder liability&#8221; means:

1. Personal liability for a debt, obligation, or other liability of a domestic
or foreign corporation or domestic or foreign eligible entity that is imposed on
a person:
			a. Solely by reason of the person&#8217;s status as a shareholder, member, or
interest holder; or
			b. By the articles of incorporation of the domestic corporation or the
organic rules of the eligible entity or foreign corporation that make one or
more specified shareholders, members, or interest holders, or categories of
shareholders, members, or interest holders, liable in their capacity as
shareholders, members, or interest holders for all or specified liabilities of
the corporation or eligible entity; or

2. An obligation of a shareholder, member, or interest holder under the articles
of incorporation of a domestic corporation or the organic rules of an eligible
entity or foreign corporation to contribute to the entity.
			For purposes of the foregoing, except as otherwise provided in the articles
of incorporation of a domestic corporation or the organic law or organic rules
of an eligible entity or a foreign corporation, interest holder liability arises
under subdivision 1 when the corporation or eligible entity incurs the
liability.
			&#8220;Jurisdiction of formation&#8221; means the state or country the law of
which includes the organic law governing a domestic or foreign corporation or
eligible entity.
			&#8220;Means&#8221; denotes an exhaustive definition.
			&#8220;Membership&#8221; means the rights of a member in a domestic or
foreign nonstock corporation or limited liability company.
			&#8220;Merger&#8221; means a transaction pursuant to &#xA7; 13.1-716 or
13.1-766.1.
			&#8220;Notice&#8221; is defined in &#xA7; 13.1-610.
			&#8220;Organic law&#8221; means the statute governing the internal affairs of
a domestic or foreign corporation or eligible entity.
			&#8220;Organic rules&#8221; means the public organic record and private
organic rules of a domestic or foreign corporation or eligible entity.
			&#8220;Person&#8221; includes an individual and an entity.
			&#8220;Principal office&#8221; means the office, in or out of the
Commonwealth, where the principal executive offices of a domestic or foreign
corporation are located, or, if there are no such offices, the office, in or out
of the Commonwealth, so designated by the board of directors. The designation of
the principal office in the most recent annual report filed pursuant to &#xA7;
13.1-775 shall be conclusive for purposes of this chapter.
			&#8220;Private organic rules&#8221; means (i) the bylaws of a domestic or
foreign corporation or nonstock corporation or (ii) the rules, regardless of
whether in writing, that govern the internal affairs of an unincorporated
entity, are binding on all its interest holders, and are not part of its public
organic record. Where private organic rules have been amended or restated, the
term means the private organic rules as last amended or restated.
			&#8220;Proceeding&#8221; includes civil suit and criminal, administrative,
and investigatory action.
			&#8220;Protected series&#8221; has the same meaning as specified in &#xA7;
13.1-1002.
			&#8220;Public corporation&#8221; means a corporation that has shares listed
on a national securities exchange or regularly traded in a market maintained by
one or more members of a national or affiliated securities association.
			&#8220;Public organic record&#8221; means (i) the articles of incorporation
of a domestic or foreign corporation or nonstock corporation or (ii) the
document, the filing of which is required to create an unincorporated entity.
Where a public organic record has been amended or restated, the term means the
public organic record as last amended or restated.
			&#8220;Record date&#8221; means the date fixed for determining the identity
of the corporation&#8217;s shareholders and their shareholdings for purposes of
this chapter. The determinations shall be made as of the close of business at
the principal office of the corporation on the record date unless another time
for doing so is specified when the record date is fixed.
			&#8220;Record shareholder&#8221; means (i) the person in whose name shares
are registered in the records of the corporation or (ii) the person identified
as the beneficial owner of shares in a beneficial ownership certificate pursuant
to &#xA7; 13.1-664 on file with the corporation to the extent of the rights
granted by such certificate.
			&#8220;Registered limited liability partnership&#8221; has the same meaning
as specified in &#xA7; 50-73.79.
			&#8220;Secretary&#8221; means the corporate officer or other individual to
whom the board of directors has delegated responsibility under subsection C of
&#xA7; 13.1-693 for custody of the minutes of the meetings of the board of
directors and of the shareholders and for authenticating records of the
corporation.
			&#8220;Series limited liability company&#8221; has the same meaning as
specified in &#xA7; 13.1-1002.
			&#8220;Share exchange&#8221; means a transaction pursuant to &#xA7; 13.1-717.
			&#8220;Shareholder&#8221; means a record shareholder.
			&#8220;Shares&#8221; means the units into which the proprietary interests in
a corporation are divided.
			&#8220;Sign&#8221; or &#8220;signature&#8221; means, with present intent to
authenticate or adopt a document: (i) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol to a
document, and includes any manual, facsimile, or conformed signature; or (ii) to
attach to or logically associate with an electronic transmission an electronic
sound, symbol, or process, and includes an electronic signature in an electronic
transmission.
			&#8220;State&#8221; when referring to a part of the United States, includes a
state, commonwealth, and the District of Columbia, and their agencies and
governmental subdivisions; and a territory or insular possession, and their
agencies and governmental subdivisions, of the United States.
			&#8220;Subscriber&#8221; means a person who subscribes for shares in a
corporation, whether before or after incorporation.
			&#8220;Subsidiary&#8221; means, as to any corporation, any other corporation
of which it owns, directly or indirectly, voting shares entitled to cast a
majority of the votes entitled to be cast generally in an election of directors
of such other corporation.
			&#8220;Unincorporated entity&#8221; or &#8220;domestic unincorporated
entity&#8221; means a domestic partnership, limited liability company, limited
partnership or business trust.
			&#8220;United States&#8221; includes district, authority, bureau, commission,
department, and any other agency of the United States.
			&#8220;Unrestricted voting trust beneficial owner&#8221; means, with respect
to any shareholder rights, a voting trust beneficial owner whose entitlement to
exercise the shareholder right in question is not inconsistent with the voting
trust agreement.
			&#8220;Voting group&#8221; means all shares of one or more classes or series
that under the articles of incorporation or this chapter are entitled to vote
and be counted together collectively on a matter at a meeting of shareholders.
All shares entitled by the articles of incorporation or this chapter to vote
generally on the matter are for that purpose a single voting group.
			&#8220;Voting power&#8221; means the current power to vote in the election of
directors.
			&#8220;Voting trust beneficial owner&#8221; means an owner of a beneficial
interest in shares of the corporation held in a voting trust established
pursuant to subsection A of &#xA7; 13.1-670.
			&#8220;Writing&#8221; or &#8220;written&#8221; means any information in the
form of a document.

HISTORY: Code 1950, § 13.1-2; 1956, c. 428; 1962, c. 44; 1975, c. 500; 1985, c.
522; 1992, cc. 575, 802; 1993, c. 200; 1994, c. 122; 1997, cc. 190, 801; 2001,
c. 545; 2002, cc. 1, 285; 2003, cc. 340, 728; 2005, c. 765; 2006, c. 663; 2007,
c. 165; 2010, c. 782; 2012, c. 706; 2015, c. 611; 2016, c. 288; 2019, c. 734;
2020, c. 1226.