This is the 2026 edition of the code. There is not the current edition. Browse all editions.

§ 59.1-503.2 Practical construction

a. The express terms of an agreement and any course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade must be construed whenever reasonable as consistent with each other. However, if that construction is unreasonable:

1. express terms prevail over course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade;

2. course of performance prevails over course of dealing and usage of trade; and

3. course of dealing prevails over usage of trade.

b. An applicable usage of trade in the place where any part of performance is to occur must be used in interpreting the agreement as to that part of the performance.

c. Evidence of a relevant course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade offered by one party in a proceeding is not admissible unless and until the party offering the evidence has given the other party notice that the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise.

d. The existence and scope of a usage of trade must be proved as facts.

History

This law was first created in 2000. The record of its establishment is cataloged in chapters 101 and 996 of that year’s edition of “Acts of Assembly,” the annual state publication listing all changes made to the Code of Virginia in that year.

2000, cc. 101, 996.

Download